New Generation Computing, 22(2004)61-96
Ohmsha, Ltd. and Springer-Verlag
Received 18 August 2003
Practical aspects of ontological engineering are discussed
in this part. First topic is the methodology of ontology development. Next,
ontology representation languages and support tools are discussed as well as
ontology alignment and merging which are becoming practically important to cope
with distributed development of ontologies. We next discuss several ontologies
developed thus far including large-scale knowledge bases such as Cyc, practical
domain ontologies such as Enterprise ontology and gene ontology and generic
ontologies such as PSL: Process Specification Language and SUO: Standard Upper
Ontology. The first topic of ontology applications is the semantic web in which
semantic interoperability, metadata and web service ontology are described.
e-Learning is also a good application area of ontology in which LOM: Learning
Object Metadata and ontology-aware authoring systems are discussed followed
by conclusion.
1. Ontology Development Methodology
1.1 Overview of the Methodologies
[1] The methodology by Ushold and King
[2] TOVE Methodology
[3] METHONTOLOGY
[4] On-To-Knowledge Methodology
[5] AFM: Activity-First Mehod in Hozo
[6] Summary
1.2 Three-layer Model of Guidelines
[1] Guidelines at Middle-layer
[2] Guidelines at Bottom-layer
2. Ontology Representation Languages and Tools
2.1 Languages
[1] Ontolingua
[2] RDF(S)
[3] OWL(DAML+OIL)
[4] Summary
2.2 Tools
[1] OntoEdit
[2] WebODE
[3] Protege-2000
[4] OE: Ontology editor in Hozo
2.3 Ontology Alignment and Merging
[1] ONIONS
[2] PROMPT
3. Ontologies Developed
3.1 CYC
3.2 Wordnet
3.3 Enterprise Ontology
3.4 Gene Ontology
3.5 Process Ontology: PSL(Process Specification Language)
3.6 Standard Upper Ontology(SUO)
3.7 Other Activities
[1] WonderWeb
[2] DAML+OIL ontology library
[3] Cancer ontology
4. Applications
4.1 Typology of Ontology Applications
4.2 Some Applications
[1] Semantic web
[2] e-Learning
[3] Knowledge systematization
5. Concluding Remarks